Charm Quark Structure

Structure: Core + Nested Cages (Tetra + Icosa)

• Central +qCP: Base charge +1. Forms the quark core.
• Spin eDP (Helical): Inner +eCP (+1) oscillates radially while orbiting, outer -eCP (-1) maintains stable orbit. Provides 1/2 h-bar spin.
• No Extra hDP: Up-type quarks have only the spin eDP, no additional hybrid dipole pair.
• Tetrahedral Cage: Inner cage with 4 eDP pairs at vertices.
• Icosahedral Cage: Outer cage with 12 eDP pairs at vertices.

Mass from Nested Cage Structure

The charm quark's significant mass (1.27 GeV) compared to the up quark (2.2 MeV) comes from its nested cage structure. The inner tetrahedral cage (4 vertices) is surrounded by an outer icosahedral cage (12 vertices), creating extensive PSR chaining between the 16 total cage eDP pairs. This geometric complexity generates approximately 600x more mass than the bare up quark structure.