These Particle Models Show Each Subatomic Particle and How They Move

Top Quark

The top quark is the heaviest known elementary particle at 172.76 GeV – approximately 185x the proton mass. This extraordinary mass arises from four nested geometric cages creating massive PSR chaining networks.

Bottom Quark

The bottom quark’s mass (4.18 GeV) comes from three nested geometric cages creating extensive PSR chaining. The innermost tetrahedral cage is surrounded by an icosahedral cage, which is enclosed by a dodecahedral cage.

Up Quark

The central +qCP has a base charge of +1. The spin eDP’s outer -eCP (base charge -1) provides partial shielding through its orbital motion. The time-averaged effect reduces the observable charge to +2/3 e. This is the lightest quark.

Down Quark

The +qCP creates a much higher SSV than the +eCP because q-force exceeds EM e-force by approximately 100x. Near the -qCP core, space is highly stressed: the +qCP path appears contracted (traverses more 600-cell edges but moves shorter visible distance).

Strange Quark

The strange quark’s mass (96 MeV) is approximately 20x the down quark’s mass (4.7 MeV). This significant increase comes from the tetrahedral cage structure: 4 vertices each containing eDP pairs that create extensive PSR (Polarizable Spacetime Region) chaining.

Charm Quark

he charm quark’s significant mass (1.27 GeV) compared to the up quark (2.2 MeV) comes from its nested cage structure. The inner tetrahedral cage (4 vertices) is surrounded by an outer icosahedral cage (12 vertices), creating extensive….

Quarks

Electron

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Muon

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Tau

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Leptons

Electron Neutrino

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Muon Neutrino

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Tau Neutrino

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Neutrinos

Photon

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Gluon

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W-Plus Boson

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W-Minus Boson

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Z Boson

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Gauge Bosons

Higgs Boson

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Scalar Boson